Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia, Canine - contd.

ClinicalSigns
The common signs associated with anemia include lethargy and pallor. Many patients with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia have a recent history of nonspecific signs that can include anorexia and vomiting. Changes in breathing patterns are common, and can range from panting to dyspnea, especially if pulmonary thromboembolism, or blood clots to the lungs, has occurred. The presence of jaundice in an anemic animal is highly suggestive of immune-mediated hemolysis as a cause of the anemia. Dogs with IMHA may present to the veterinarian collapsed or in shock.

Symptoms
Most anemic dogs act weak or tired. Their mucous membranes and skin may appear to be pale or jaundiced, with yellow discoloration. Many dogs with IMHA have symptoms like vomiting or loss of appetite that may precede or accompany the onset of their anemia. Respiratory symptoms are often present. Panting is the most common respiratory sign in anemia, but since some dogs with IMHA have problems with blood clots in the vessels supplying their lungs, severe respiratory difficulty may be seen. Some animals may present with very sudden onset of shock-like symptoms in severe cases of IMHA.