Bovine Postparturient Paresis - contd.

ClinicalSigns
Initial signs include excitability, hypersensitivity and restlessness. Tachycardia and mild hyperthermia are commonly associated with tetany in the early stages. Subsequently gradual, worsening muscular weakness begins that progresses into sternal then lateral recumbency. Gastrointestinal atony predisposes to constipation and mild bloating. As calcium levels decrease other signs may include weak pulses, poor pupillary light response, flaccid paralysis, severe bloating, and coma.

Symptoms
A weak, trembling cow is first seen. Localized spasmodic muscle contractions may cause a mild increase in body temperature. The heart rate is often elevated. The heart rate remains elevated but the temperature declines with progression. In advanced stages the most common symptom is a "downer" cow that is usually unable to rise when stimulated. An affected cow will often have its head turned into its flank. If left untreated the cow will lie down on her side and stretch out, thus predisposing her to bloat. The cow will become progressively more depressed until she is unresponsive and comatose, with dilated, unresponsive pupils.